An Analysis of Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451

Copying Books Ray Bradbury’s tale, Fahrenheit 451 takes puts in a â€Å"perfect† world. In the novel individuals who â€Å"think† are viewed as pariahs and unusual. Also, the populace has totally expelled books from their general public. This can legitimately interface with current American culture in which, amusement and material belongings appear to intrigue individuals more than books, and the little things in life stay undervalued. A few people today loath perusing. They have discovered an outer wellspring of amusement in, TV, radio, or music.Similar to the novel, today’s society has started to forsake books. They don’t have a very remarkable through and through freedom any longer and some may call it mind control. The general public in the novel appears to be fundamentally the same as this since they never got an opportunity to communicate or have special characters. Moreover, different individuals don't value the littler things throughout ever yday life and look progressively keen on physical articles, for example, cash. In addition, in Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse notices to Montag how drivers may have not ever observed the grass or blossoms, or even took a gander at nature.It appears as though these two gatherings have totally expelled â€Å"thinking† and â€Å"knowledge† from their lives looking for materials with â€Å"greater esteem. † These two social orders have numerous likenesses. Especially, present day American culture has started putting books away and searching for different types of diversion. Today, people make it appear as though cash and material belongings are the most significant throughout everyday life. In like manner, those in Ray Bradbury’s epic seem to discover more enthusiasm for Parlor dividers and shell radios rather than objects that permit more idea, for example, books.

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education

Socrates cautioned his understudies more than 2000 years prior that the unexamined life does not merit living. (Kreis) This announcement, however made such a large number of years back, mirrors my own convictions about learning and information securing in today’s society. In my very own way of thinking of training, I accept that people should constantly look at their environmental factors and gain from the things they find. I don't accept that simply knowing irregular realities or bits of data is genuine training. Similarly as the old Greeks accept, I imagine that training should show a kid to think and adapt freely. The basic reason for instruction ought to be to show a youngster to have an independent mind. As per the Socratic Method, teachers must draw information that as of now exists in a youngster from that kid through a progression of inquiries and answers. (Kreis) I additionally accept that the capable utilization of addressing is very advantageous to understudies. Instructors can utilize different addressing procedures to show understudies â€Å"how† to think. One of the main reasons we ought to instruct our kids and keep on learning ourselves as instructors is clarified in the accompanying statement found at http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Education.htm#deMontaigne.Philosophy.Education and credited to Einstein, . ...information should consistently be recharged by interminable exertion, in the event that it isn't to be lost. It takes after a sculpture of marble which remains in the desert and is consistently compromised with entombment by the moving sand. The hands of administration should ever be grinding away, all together that the marble keep on lastingly sparkle in the sun. To these serving hands mine will likewise have a place. Einstein accepted that instruction must be a consistent procedure. We show our youngsters the history ... ... understudies. Without a doubt, it is absurd to expect to show each kid at an individual pace in the set-up of the current instructive framework, yet in a perfect world every youngster would follow their own training plan. Guidance would for sure be individualized for each understudy, not only understudies with learning inadequacies. There would never again be a requirement for IEPs or custom curriculum programs. Works Cited Gutek, Gerald L. A History of the Western Educational Experience Second Edition. Waveland Press. Prospect Heights. 1995. Kreis, Steven. (2004). The History Guide †Educational Philosophy. Recovered July 31, 2005 from http://www.historyguide.org/teach.html Haselhurst, Geoff, and Howie, Karene. (2005). Reasoning of Education: Instructive Philosophy/Teaching Philosophy. Retreived July 31, 2005 from http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Education.htm

When Social Support Creates More Stress

When Social Support Creates More Stress Stress Management Relationship Stress Print When Social Support Creates More (Not Less) Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on May 18, 2019 Robert Daly/Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress For many people, nothing beats a validating ear and a shoulder to lean on when the going gets tough. Just the act of telling a supportive friend about whats really stressing you can make problems seem more manageable, and can make you feel less alone in dealing with them. If a friend is particularly good at listening and validating, they usually dont even need to offer advice, as the act of feeling heard and understood often helps us get to a point of greater peace where we can access our own wisdom and resources and come up with our own best solutions. For this and other reasons, good friends can make all the difference. In fact, social support has been shown by numerous research studies to be a great remedy for stress and is correlated with positive health outcomes, making it a great stress reliever. The stress-relieving effects of social support, however, can be diminished by hostility. You may already know this intuitively: when you talk to a friend about something thats bothering you and that friend responds with sarcasm or passive-aggressive hostility, you feel worse rather than better.  Not only are you still upset about what was stressing you, but you may now also feel hurt by your friends lack of empathy, you may doubt your own feelings and inner strength, or both. For this reason, we all tend to learn who we can and cant go to with our problems.  Interesting research from Brigham Young University confirms this, finding that, in situations where people were discussing with a friend the negative events that caused them stress, those participants who scored high in hostility (including cynicism and mistrust) had elevated blood pressure compared to the non-hostile participants. This held true both for those giving social support and those receiving it.  You may not have reali zed it, but in avoiding hostile friends when seeking support, you are saving stress for both of you. Other research has found that marriages where partners validate each other and share responsibilities are the happiest.  This makes sense--we spend so much time with our spouses over a lifetime that if you have a partner who shoulders the same burdens you face, it means you both understand how much work you both do; if you have a spouse who is able to support you through stressful times, you both feel less stressed and more at ease as a result, and that means less stress overall. And more good news: these marriages also tend to last.  Fortunately, this type of marriage is the most common (a little over half of marriages contain this dynamic), and the support found in these marriages can really relieve stress.   Another study found that the type of listening and emotional support offered could make the difference between more stress and less.  For example, if partners went on to offer too much advice, especially if it was unsolicited advice, it created more stress than it relieved.  This may seem counterintuitive to a partner who only wants to help minimize the stress by fixing the problem at its root; the problem, however, is twofold: when advice is offered, it is a subtle indication that the advisor believes that the advisee cannot come up with their own solutions. Also, the solutions the advisor comes up with may not fit the situation well enough, and this may create stress from both sides as the advice-giver may feel undervalued and the recipient may feel frustrated. Finally, frustration can result for the partner who really just wanted emotional support so they could get to a place where they felt validated and empowered to find their own solutions, but was then faced with another confl ict. Conversely, it is impossible to receive too much esteem support, as long as it is genuine. It is more common to receive too little support than to receive too much, but receiving the right type of support is also important, and it doesnt always happen.  Knowing what type of support to give is vital.  And when you give the best type of support in your relationships, you tend to receive it as well.  Relationships in which people feel supported and validated tend to have a strong buffering effect against stress. This highlights not only the importance of having  good listening skills--being a poor listener can actually make a loved one whos baring their soul feel worse rather than better--but of working hard to foster strong, trusting relationships with the people who are close to us, so we can give and receive social support in ways that are good for everyone. Avoiding conflict is better than engaging in hostile, volatile communication, but its far healthier and more beneficial to learn healthy communication strategies, be altruistic with ones partner, and work at maintaining relationships in a fun and healthy way.  The following are some resources that can help. Relationship Resources from Elizabeth Scott: Listening Skills 101Communication Skills10 Conflict Resolution Mistakes to Avoid

Rhinoceros Beetle - 788 Words

Week 2 Essay One Charles. Oryema Question: Worlds within texts often prompt us to question the worlds outside texts. Write an essay in response to this statement with reference to at least one short story you have studied. â€Å"Rhinoceros Beetle† by Susan Hawthorne is a story about a boy’s childhood obsession which becomes a reality when he grows into a man. The story presents ideas and assumptions which viewers can relate to real life. The writer first presents an image of a boy with a destructive nature which is normal in young males, but then challenges this idea by showing a more menacing side of some men. Women are portrayed as the victims and misunderstood by the†¦show more content†¦The author agrees with the idea of women as victims through the characterisation of women in the short story. The women are portrayed as helpless to the torment inflicted upon them by the boy in the story. This positions readers to feel sympathy for the women but also think of the world outside the text in which women are also seen as inferior to men. â€Å"Each season provided him new ways of frightening the little girls who sat in front of him or behind him†. This statement shows tha t the boy’s primary target were the girls who sat next to him. This supports the tradition idea of women as the victims and compels readers to see that the women in the text are treated more or less the same as the women in the outside world. Characterisation has been used by the author to reinforce the traditional idea of women as the helpless victims. The short story presents women as aware but misunderstood by men through use of narrative point of view. In society women are usually seen as inferior to men, and therefore often don’t get the acknowledgement they deserve. â€Å"The women held their secrets because when they mentioned it to their husbands or brothers they were laughed at†¦.Instead of sympathy, the husbands and brothers now had a secret weapon†. This shows that women did not share their fears as it gave others ideas to torment them further. Women in the short story are also shown to be fully aware of the boy’s behaviour early on in the story. â€Å"The men of his home town said, but howShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Poaching1806 Words   |  8 Pagesdownside although those who profit will not care so long as they receive their money. Poaching crimes range from the butchering of elephants for their ivory, to the sale of great apes and exotic birds as pets, to caviar, decorative tiger p elts, and rhinoceros horns used for carvings and traditional medicines. Wildlife poaching has negative side-effects that affect local communities, wildlife populations, and the environment. First of all, there are many negative effects of poaching on communities andRead MoreA Brief Note On The Middle East And Asia1091 Words   |  5 Pagesedible fruit. Murphy (2007) spells out that E. guineensis produces about seven tons of oil per hectare per year and its uses are extended to industries for the production of foods, cosmetics and toiletries. â€Æ' 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF Oryctes rhinoceros Oryctes rhinoceros is a species of insects that belongs to the Scarabaeidae family. It undergoes complete metamorphosis with reproductive cycle consisting of five stages of development: the egg, the larva, the pre-pupa, the pupa and the adult. The insectRead MoreInterdependence Between the Species1331 Words   |  6 Pagesanimals such as ants, beetles and millipeds. 3.A oyster crab, Pinnothers ostreum is found in the mantle cavity of the oyster. In addition to shelter it also gets food from the host molluscs, oyster without causing any harm. PROTOCOOPERATION :-It is a short step ahead of commensalism and cooperation. In this relationship, both organisms gain by the association and are mutually benefited(facultative mutualism) Eg the Red billed Oxpecker form protocooperation with Black Rhinoceros- the bird feed onRead MoreMetamorphosis And Rhinoceros : Conformity Through The Representation Of Animals Essay1845 Words   |  8 PagesMetamorphosis and Rhinoceros both explore conformity through the representation of animals. Eugene Ionesco once said, ‘[A]mong the authors who have influenced me the most, the one who comes to mind immediately is Kafka. I would perhaps not have written the plays I wrote if there hadn t been Kafka’ (Jacquart and Ionesco 1973: 47). This may explain why the works of Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka (1915) and Rhinoceros by Eugene Ionesco (1959) use very similar components to explore conformity. The abstractRead MoreHercules: A Greek Tale 1170 Words   |  5 Pagestwelve labors. Hercules leaves a legacy in words and expression. He also leaves a legacy in science. One example of Hercules’ legacy in science is the Hercules beetle, it is the largest, and most famous of the rhinoceros beetles. Its origin reside in the rainforest of Central America and South America. Sources state that the beetle has also been found in South Veracruz. An example of Hercules’ legacy in words and expressions is Herculean. The adjective describes a task that requires much strengthRead MoreThe Borneo Rainforest2220 Words   |  9 PagesWildlife Fund has stated that 361 animal and plant species have been discovered in Borneo since 1996, underscoring its unparalleled biodiversity it is also the centre of evolution and radiation of many endemic species of plants and animals (18). The Rhinoceros Hornbills are large birds found throughout Borneo. To find food, they fly between fruiting trees occasionally stopping to grab small animals, like squirrels. The male birds have an orange or red ring around their eyes, while the ring remains whiteRead More Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesmechanism to explain the evolution of male-female dimorphism. He proposed sexual selection to explain the evolution of traits that do not contribute to survival or fecundity. Such traits are the elaborate train of the peacock, the horn of the rhinoceros beetle and the bright red belly of the stickleback. Due to the development of such characteristics some individuals have higher reproductive success because they achieve more matings or successful fertilizations. Sexual selection takes place betweenRead MoreTaking a Look at the Titan Arum1270 Words   |  5 Pageswhy it is kept in gardens across the globe. The Titan arum is also experiencing a seve re ecosystem breakdown. With its dwindling numbers and coexisting animals, Titan arum is finding less pollinators and seed distributors (like the disappearing Rhinoceros Hornbill Bird) to carry on its gene pool (Fayyaz et al.). To combat this disadvantage, Titan arum emits a ghastly smell that has been likened to the smell of a corpse, hence, it has been given the informal name of the Corpse Flower (RBG). TheRead MoreThe Food And Drug Aspect Of Aphrodisiac1388 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity through stimulating hormones to trigger sexual organ’s activity. It can also work as antagonist for some receptors to smooth muscles and therefore, contributing to a pleasant sexual experience (Shamloul 2010) Cantharides, a type of greenish beetle which is known as â€Å"Spanish Fly† (Rajagopalan 2013). Through oral administration, cantharides is excreted in urine and therefore, irritate the urethral passages, leaving inflammation in the genitals, which may lead to vascular congestion—erection (ShamloulRead MoreEssay about Shamanism1696 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed that the origin of the single horn may lie in observations of the native male turkey, which has a hornlike wattle above its beak that becomes especially prominent during mating season. Other possibilities include the horned serpent or the rhinoceros beetle, which some indigenous beliefs connect to the underworld. Furst suggests that the smaller, knob-like appearance denote a novice, while the larger horn indicates a shaman in full possession of his powers. (See Figure 2) ( {S, T, and O} Furst,

Essay on Our Dreams Give Us Hope - 1169 Words

Since the start of the world, Man has been searching for the meaning of life. He has looked everywhere but often failed to find it. The reason to live is to savor life and to live one filled with joy. This is another problem Man has often faced: how to be happy. Most of us think that we are happy when everyone else is proud of us, when we have achieved something for them or done something for the rest of the world. We strive to accomplish what others expect us to do, whether it is our parents, our friends, or even our teachers. The truth is something that has always been shunned: Man finds happiness by accomplishing the goals he sets for himself, realizing the dreams he holds. It turns out that the pursuit of happiness, something men have†¦show more content†¦once gave a speech that would be repeated for many years. King was one of those few people who found happiness. He spoke of his desires and how they could be fulfilled. I find his speech extremely moving, not only becau se he was fighting for a noble cause but because he had his own ideas. In his speech, he started: â€Å"I have a dream.† He doesn’t start by speaking of the dream of all the blacks in the world, he speaks of what he hopes to accomplish. Martin Luther King Jr. does what he does for his own good, not necessarily for the good of others. And is this so wrong? After all, when King was assassinated in 1968, his dream had been fulfilled. He had the same rights as any other white man. Martin Luther King learned something about himself: despite the efforts of the non-African American society, he was powerful enough to earn his freedom. He was able to go against long-held ideas and win. King’s dreams led him to greatness. He died a happy and free man, one who had found the purpose of his life and fulfilled it. Like Martin Luther King, My parents also had a dream. My parents emigrated from India in 2001. It was an arduous process, they had to go through a mountain of paper work, boundless fear of leaving the home they knew so well, and the sorrow of leaving their families for what lay in the unknown. They left their well-paying jobs for a place that promised nothing at all. They asked themselves: â€Å"am I ready for this?† And they didn’t know the answer. But theyShow MoreRelatedDreams Are A Good Thing1419 Words   |  6 PagesDreams Are a Good Thing As millennials we have been brought up with images all around us, images of models, fancy foods, paradise lifestyles. All of these serve the same purpose: they make us wish we lived lives like those depicted and want something more and different than we currently have. The images make us want something more than we currently have. These images are seen, by many, as dangerous for our society, particularly for those growing up and trying to find their place in the world.Read MoreIRCA Act Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesThe IRCA Act Hope for the Future On November 6, 1986 President Ronald Reagan passed an act that would give illegal immigrants the right to apply to get legal status under certain conditions that included: they had to be living in the United States before Jan 1, 1982 and show proof of that. Also the individual had to know a certain amount of history of the United States and they had to prove that they had not done any type of crime, pay a penalty fine and know the English language and governmentRead MoreThe Importance of Having Dreams724 Words   |  3 PagesDreams! Goals! Ideals! They all mean the same. These things are what fill every human alive. They are part of life and human nature. We all have the inbred desire for a good life. Dreams are vital to the life of every person. Without dreams, there is nothing to plan or look forward to; therefore, no reason to live. Dreams are what keep each and every one of us going. The definition of a dream is ‘hope’; an inspiration; an aim. Every human being dreams, the dreams differ greatly from person toRead MoreSteinbeck s Of Mice And Men970 Words   |  4 Pages and the oh so famous American Dream, but what if that dream was an idea and nothing more? America has had its ups and downs. For example, the Great Depression was a horrible time for Americans of all backgrounds.Certain books like Of Mice and Men show how hard it was to live in this time period. It also shows us how dreams-like the American Dream- were lies. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck believes the American Dream is unattainable. The American Dream is a broad term. To some it is theRead MoreDreams Come in All Shapes and Sizes1706 Words   |  7 PagesDreams or goals? To me they are both the same thing. In life in order to reach our goals we have to be willing to consistently go after them. There are company goals, personal goals, career goals, family goals or health goals, they all must be pursued with passion and purpose. The challenges of life can sometimes try to choke out our goals (dreams) and many people lose track of what it is they really want. I personally refuse to stand by and watch this happen. So I think that dreams role is thatRead More`` Runaways `` By Karen Brennan904 Words   |  4 PagesThrough her adventure abscond from her husband, she regains hopes and dream; hope: a place to settle, dream: where she could be loved again. The author Karen Brennan’s short story runaways† displays words with connotative meaning, and symbols to reveal her opinion that if we have hope we can a chieve our dreams. Brennan uses symbols to show how even though we can be in bad situations; there is hope for our dreams. The author Brennan uses numerous symbols to characterize theRead MoreThe American Dream : A New Nation1617 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican dream is an ideology that has been around, known, and praised for a long time. It is an aspiration many long to achieve and protect with their lives. A story that has been written out for us and embed in our minds. As children, we begin school and are taught the pledge of allegiance and how important it is for everyone to take a moment to praise and thank what the nation for what it has to offer. We rise and hold this belief too our hearts looking upon the flag representing our nation. WeRead MoreTime and Place in Langston Hughes Poetry Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesIn many different ways, the time periods affects us all. In Langston Hughes poem’s Dreams, My People and Oppression all the themes are based on the time period and the surrounding events. In the poem Dreams he expresses that we need to hold onto our dreams. In My People he expresses his love and appreciation for his people. Lastly, in the poem Oppression he expresses the sorrow and pain of African Americans. By analyzing the themes, tone and figurative language of these poems the reader will be ableRead More Dreams Impossible: Hope in Of Mice and Men Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pages Hope-an illusion. Hope-something to be seen but never achieved. Hope-something to look forward to, never a reality. Reality comes from action, not wishes. Hope-a thing with feathers, flighty, beautiful, unreal. In both â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers†, by Emily Dickinson, and Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, hope is portrayed as keeping up one’s spirit, and welcome when times are grueling, and sounding promising but not always making sense. Curley’s wife dreams of being a movie star, and thisRead MoreSpeech : An Analysis Of Barack Obam as Speech1588 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic National Convention was being held. Published by American Rhetorical.com, Keynote speaker Barack Obama delivers a very optimistic speech full of hope, appealing to the emotions of not only Americans alike, but also to the average American to persuade them to vote for Kerry. Obama gives compelling personal family experiences, the values and hopes America was built upon, and why he supports John Kerry as the Democratic candidate for President of the United States of America. Even though his energy

Argumentative Free Essays

Module 5: Argumentative Task I 1. What is an argumentative essay? a. An essay that defines an abstract or ambiguous requires specific components and refines thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. What is the job of a writer of an argumentative essay? How can a writer achieve this purpose? a. The writer purpose is to persuade the reader of an opinion about something. 3. Explain what are modals and their function in an argumentative writing. Give an example. a. The modals help the writer opinion sound stronger and weak modals make opposing view sound weaker.May, can, could, should, had better, ought to. 4. Which error should the writer avoid in an argumentative essay? a. The use of logic not based on facts is something that the reader should avoid. Task II 1. Did you wear a uniform when you went to school? a. Yes 2. Opinion about children being too interested in wearing brand new clothes and shoes. a. When I was a child I always waited for the first day of class just to wear the bran new uniform. However, not every student shows up the first day of class. . The topic of this essay is school uniforms. What is the hook in nthe first paragraph? a. Should public schools students be allowed to make their individual decisions about clothing or should all students be require wearing uniform? 4. What is the thesis statement? a. School uniforms are better decision for three reasons. 5. What is the thesis statement? Even though we know that â€Å"honesty is the best policy† why do we lie in our everyday lives? The fact is that we lie for many reasons. 6.Three reason for requiring school uniforms, paragraphs 2, 3, 4. a. School uniforms would help student’s lives simpler. b. School uniforms influence students responsibly in groups as individual. c. School uniforms would make all the students feel equally. 7. Which paragraph presents a counter argument? What is a counter argument? a. Paragraph 5. A counterargument is an argument, with factual evidence or other kinds of support that challenges either your thesis or a major argument for it. 8. What is the writer refutation? a.However, as stated previously, school is a place to learn, not to flaunt wealth and fashion. 9. Write the sentence from the concluding paragraph that restates the thesis. a. All Americans believe in the right to express their own opinion with out fear of punishment. 10. What is the writer opinion about the issued? a. There are many well documented benefits to implement mandatory school uniforms. Task III 1. Read the paragraph from Activity 6 on page 124 and under line all the uses of faulty logic. Errors are: a. Either/Or b. Hasty c. Sequence d. either/Or How to cite Argumentative, Papers

Creating Rights and Obligations Law

Question: Discuss about the Creating Rights and Obligations Law. Answer: Introduction: A contract is an agreement in which promises are made by two or more parties who have the intention of creating rights and obligations for such parties that can be enforced in a court of law. A contract can be described as an official agreement that has been created between two or more parties. The law allows that a contract can be created by the parties in writing or it can also be created only. The contracts that have been created in writing may use formal or informal terms. In the same way, even an entirely verbal contract can also be enforced by the law. However in such a case, it may be difficult to establish the terms of such a contract. Hence, a contract can be described as a promise that has been made by two or more parties and on the basis of which, a judgment can be made by the courts. There are certain essential elements that have to be present in an agreement due to which the agreement becomes a valid contract. If any of these elements is not present, the agreement is not a valid contract and consequently, the courts cannot enforce such an agreement. The first such element is that of offer. Under the contract law, and offers or a promise has to be made in the contract. If there is no offer, there can be no contract. It is the first element that has to be present for the purpose of making a contract legally enforceable. In order to make an offer, at least there should be two parties. The parties should have the legal capacity to enter into a contract. In case the offer has been accepted and other elements are present, it will amount to a legally enforceable contract. When the offer is being made, the other party comes to know what is being offered and what the other party is expecting in return. It also needs to be noted that a difference exists between and offer and an invitation to treat. The law provides that an invitation to treat is made by a party when it invites the other party to make an offer. An example of the invitation to treat is the goods that have been displayed in a shop window along with their price. In the same w ay, the goods that have been displayed on the shelf of a shop with a price tag also amount to an invitation to treat. The difference between an invitation to treat and an offer is that while the acceptance of the offer results in the creation of a valid contract, an invitation to treat cannot be accepted for creating a valid contract. The next element is the acceptance of the offer by the other party. When an offer has been made, the other party is required to accept the offer for the purpose of creating a valid contract. The law requires that the offer should be accepted on exactly the same terms. On the other hand, if while accepting the offer, the other party has introduced certain new terms and conditions, it amounts to a counter offer. On the other hand, a mere request for information is not considered by the law as a counter offer. Therefore in such a case, the offer remains intact. On the other hand, if a counter offer has been made, the original offer is no longer available to such a party. Hence the party making the counter offer is not allowed by the law to accept the original offer later on. The law provides that an offer can be accepted by only the party to whom it has been made. The acceptance is also required to be communicated to the other party. Merely a mental decision to accept the offer which ha s not been communicated to the other party does not amount to a valid acceptance. Anytime before the offer has been accepted, it can be withdrawn. In Felthouse v Bindley (1862), it was stated that silence cannot amount to the acceptance of the offer. An exception is present to the general rule which requires the communication of acceptance. This acceptance is present in case of unilateral contracts. An example of such a case was seen in Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893). There is an exception present to the general rule according to which the acceptance becomes effective only when it has been communicated to the party making the offer. Hence the postal rule provides that when post has been contemplated by the parties for the purpose of the exchange of promises, the rule regarding the time of acceptance changes. While an offer that has been sent by post is not effective unless it has been received by the offeree, the acceptance will be considered to be effective as soon as the letter containing acceptance is put in the mailbox (Adams v Lindsell, 1818). On the other hand, in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp (1955), it was stated by the code that when a party has sent the acceptance of the offer by using an instantaneous mode of communication, the contract is considered to be effective only when such acceptance has been received by the other party. The next requirement that is present for the creation of the valid contract is that of consideration. Under the contract law, consideration means the thing that will be given back by the other party in return of the promise made under the contract. It amounts to an exchange that takes place between the promisee and the promisor. Without consideration, a legally enforceable contract cannot be created. There are certain rules related with consideration. The law of contract provides that consideration should move from the promisor. The law also provides that past consideration is not a good consideration (Roscorla v Thomas, 1842). In the same way, the law provides that consideration needs to be sufficient but the courts are not going to the question of adequacy of consideration. Consideration can be of two types, executory consideration and executed consideration. In case of executory consideration, an exchange of promises takes place for performing acts in the future, for example a contract related with the supply of goods according to which A dozen made a promise to deliver goods to B at some future date and in return, a promise is made by B to play on delivery. In case A fails to deliver the goods, it can be considered as a breach of contract and B can sue A. If the goods are delivered by A the consideration becomes executed. In case of executed consideration, if a party has made a promise in exchange of an act of the other party, when such act is completed, the consideration is known as executed consideration. An example can be given of a unilateral contract in which a reward of $500 has been announced by A to any person who finds and the returns have lost handbag and if B returns the bag, the consideration provided by B is executed consideration. As mentioned above, the general rule provides that past consideration is not good consideration. However there are certain exceptions to this rule. When the promisor has made a previous request to the other party for providing the goods or services, then a promise that has been made after the goods or services were provided is considered as binding (Lampleigh v Braithwait, 1615). Similarly if something has been done in context of business and both the parties clearly understood that it will be paid for, then also the past consideration is treated as good consideration (Re Casey's Patents, 1892). These principles were also followed by the Privy Council in Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1980). The Law contract also provides regarding consideration that it should be something of a value even if the courts do not go into the issue of legacy of consideration. The result of this position is that things like natural love and affection are not treated by the law as good consideration (Eastwood v Kenyon (1840). Another requirement related with creating a valid contract is the intention of the parties to enter into a legal relationship. This invention is essential for a valid contract. In this way, the law requires that while entering into the agreement, the parties should have the intention that they are going to enter a legal relationship. The purpose behind the introduction of this requirement is to differentiate between purely social/domestic agreements and the agreements that have been created in context of trade and commerce. Without this requirement, even the routine promises that are made by us in our daily life will also become legally enforceable and the courts will be burdened with a large number of cases. Therefore, a promise made by a friend to go to dinner or a promise made by the father to purchase a new bicycle is not enforceable by law if the parties did not have the intention of creating a legal relationship. Certainty is the next element that should be present in a valid contract. The law contract requires that the terms and conditions that have been mentioned by the parties in the agreement should have been mentioned clearly and understood by the parties. In case the terms of the agreement are not certain, such a contract is not a valid contract. According to the contract law, another element that should be present in a valid contract is the capacity of the parties. In this context, capacity to contract means the legal capacity of the parties to enter into a contract. According to the Law, minors, the persons of unsound mind, persons under intoxication etc. are not allowed by the law to create a valid contract. In Nash v Inman (1908), Nash was a tailor who had entered into a contract for supplying Inman, a student at Cambridge for the supply of 11 fencing waistcoats. At that time, Inman was a minor and he already had an adequate supply of clothes. When the cost of these coats was claimed by Nash, Inman tried to rely on his lack of capacity and succeeded. The court stated that like a lunatic, a minor is also not capable of making a contract in the strict sense of the word. However if a person satisfies the needs of the minor or lunatic and supplies the necessaries of life to such a person, it will be implied that such person has an obligation to repay for these services and this obligation can be enforced against the estate of the minor or the lunatic. But it needs to be mentioned that the basis of this obligation is not contractor but instead the obligation to make a fair payment regarding the needs of the minor that have been satisfied by another person. Therefore, it can be said that a contract created with a minor or a lunatic is voidable under the common law except the necessities of life supply to the minor. In this way, a minor can enter into a contract for supplying the articles at a reasonable price that are reasonable and necessary for supporting the minor in his station in life if the minor does not have a sufficient supply of such articles. However, such a contract can become enforceable only if the two following conditions are satisfied. First of all the contract should be related with the supply of goods that are reasonably necessary for supporting the minor in his station in life and the minor should not already have an adequate supply of these articles. References: Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1893] 2 Q.B Eastwood v Kenyon (1840) 11 Ad. E. 438 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] EWCA Civ 3 Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J 35, Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) Hob 105 Nash v Inman [1908] 2 KB 1 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 Re Casey's Patents [1892] 1 Ch 104 Roscorla v Thomas, (1842) 3 QB 234