An Analysis of Ray Bradbury’s Fahrenheit 451

Copying Books Ray Bradbury’s tale, Fahrenheit 451 takes puts in a â€Å"perfect† world. In the novel individuals who â€Å"think† are viewed as pariahs and unusual. Also, the populace has totally expelled books from their general public. This can legitimately interface with current American culture in which, amusement and material belongings appear to intrigue individuals more than books, and the little things in life stay undervalued. A few people today loath perusing. They have discovered an outer wellspring of amusement in, TV, radio, or music.Similar to the novel, today’s society has started to forsake books. They don’t have a very remarkable through and through freedom any longer and some may call it mind control. The general public in the novel appears to be fundamentally the same as this since they never got an opportunity to communicate or have special characters. Moreover, different individuals don't value the littler things throughout ever yday life and look progressively keen on physical articles, for example, cash. In addition, in Fahrenheit 451, Clarisse notices to Montag how drivers may have not ever observed the grass or blossoms, or even took a gander at nature.It appears as though these two gatherings have totally expelled â€Å"thinking† and â€Å"knowledge† from their lives looking for materials with â€Å"greater esteem. † These two social orders have numerous likenesses. Especially, present day American culture has started putting books away and searching for different types of diversion. Today, people make it appear as though cash and material belongings are the most significant throughout everyday life. In like manner, those in Ray Bradbury’s epic seem to discover more enthusiasm for Parlor dividers and shell radios rather than objects that permit more idea, for example, books.

My Educational Philosophy Essay -- Philosophy of Education

Socrates cautioned his understudies more than 2000 years prior that the unexamined life does not merit living. (Kreis) This announcement, however made such a large number of years back, mirrors my own convictions about learning and information securing in today’s society. In my very own way of thinking of training, I accept that people should constantly look at their environmental factors and gain from the things they find. I don't accept that simply knowing irregular realities or bits of data is genuine training. Similarly as the old Greeks accept, I imagine that training should show a kid to think and adapt freely. The basic reason for instruction ought to be to show a youngster to have an independent mind. As per the Socratic Method, teachers must draw information that as of now exists in a youngster from that kid through a progression of inquiries and answers. (Kreis) I additionally accept that the capable utilization of addressing is very advantageous to understudies. Instructors can utilize different addressing procedures to show understudies â€Å"how† to think. One of the main reasons we ought to instruct our kids and keep on learning ourselves as instructors is clarified in the accompanying statement found at http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Education.htm#deMontaigne.Philosophy.Education and credited to Einstein, . ...information should consistently be recharged by interminable exertion, in the event that it isn't to be lost. It takes after a sculpture of marble which remains in the desert and is consistently compromised with entombment by the moving sand. The hands of administration should ever be grinding away, all together that the marble keep on lastingly sparkle in the sun. To these serving hands mine will likewise have a place. Einstein accepted that instruction must be a consistent procedure. We show our youngsters the history ... ... understudies. Without a doubt, it is absurd to expect to show each kid at an individual pace in the set-up of the current instructive framework, yet in a perfect world every youngster would follow their own training plan. Guidance would for sure be individualized for each understudy, not only understudies with learning inadequacies. There would never again be a requirement for IEPs or custom curriculum programs. Works Cited Gutek, Gerald L. A History of the Western Educational Experience Second Edition. Waveland Press. Prospect Heights. 1995. Kreis, Steven. (2004). The History Guide †Educational Philosophy. Recovered July 31, 2005 from http://www.historyguide.org/teach.html Haselhurst, Geoff, and Howie, Karene. (2005). Reasoning of Education: Instructive Philosophy/Teaching Philosophy. Retreived July 31, 2005 from http://www.spaceandmotion.com/Philosophy-Education.htm

When Social Support Creates More Stress

When Social Support Creates More Stress Stress Management Relationship Stress Print When Social Support Creates More (Not Less) Stress By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on May 18, 2019 Robert Daly/Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress For many people, nothing beats a validating ear and a shoulder to lean on when the going gets tough. Just the act of telling a supportive friend about whats really stressing you can make problems seem more manageable, and can make you feel less alone in dealing with them. If a friend is particularly good at listening and validating, they usually dont even need to offer advice, as the act of feeling heard and understood often helps us get to a point of greater peace where we can access our own wisdom and resources and come up with our own best solutions. For this and other reasons, good friends can make all the difference. In fact, social support has been shown by numerous research studies to be a great remedy for stress and is correlated with positive health outcomes, making it a great stress reliever. The stress-relieving effects of social support, however, can be diminished by hostility. You may already know this intuitively: when you talk to a friend about something thats bothering you and that friend responds with sarcasm or passive-aggressive hostility, you feel worse rather than better.  Not only are you still upset about what was stressing you, but you may now also feel hurt by your friends lack of empathy, you may doubt your own feelings and inner strength, or both. For this reason, we all tend to learn who we can and cant go to with our problems.  Interesting research from Brigham Young University confirms this, finding that, in situations where people were discussing with a friend the negative events that caused them stress, those participants who scored high in hostility (including cynicism and mistrust) had elevated blood pressure compared to the non-hostile participants. This held true both for those giving social support and those receiving it.  You may not have reali zed it, but in avoiding hostile friends when seeking support, you are saving stress for both of you. Other research has found that marriages where partners validate each other and share responsibilities are the happiest.  This makes sense--we spend so much time with our spouses over a lifetime that if you have a partner who shoulders the same burdens you face, it means you both understand how much work you both do; if you have a spouse who is able to support you through stressful times, you both feel less stressed and more at ease as a result, and that means less stress overall. And more good news: these marriages also tend to last.  Fortunately, this type of marriage is the most common (a little over half of marriages contain this dynamic), and the support found in these marriages can really relieve stress.   Another study found that the type of listening and emotional support offered could make the difference between more stress and less.  For example, if partners went on to offer too much advice, especially if it was unsolicited advice, it created more stress than it relieved.  This may seem counterintuitive to a partner who only wants to help minimize the stress by fixing the problem at its root; the problem, however, is twofold: when advice is offered, it is a subtle indication that the advisor believes that the advisee cannot come up with their own solutions. Also, the solutions the advisor comes up with may not fit the situation well enough, and this may create stress from both sides as the advice-giver may feel undervalued and the recipient may feel frustrated. Finally, frustration can result for the partner who really just wanted emotional support so they could get to a place where they felt validated and empowered to find their own solutions, but was then faced with another confl ict. Conversely, it is impossible to receive too much esteem support, as long as it is genuine. It is more common to receive too little support than to receive too much, but receiving the right type of support is also important, and it doesnt always happen.  Knowing what type of support to give is vital.  And when you give the best type of support in your relationships, you tend to receive it as well.  Relationships in which people feel supported and validated tend to have a strong buffering effect against stress. This highlights not only the importance of having  good listening skills--being a poor listener can actually make a loved one whos baring their soul feel worse rather than better--but of working hard to foster strong, trusting relationships with the people who are close to us, so we can give and receive social support in ways that are good for everyone. Avoiding conflict is better than engaging in hostile, volatile communication, but its far healthier and more beneficial to learn healthy communication strategies, be altruistic with ones partner, and work at maintaining relationships in a fun and healthy way.  The following are some resources that can help. Relationship Resources from Elizabeth Scott: Listening Skills 101Communication Skills10 Conflict Resolution Mistakes to Avoid

Rhinoceros Beetle - 788 Words

Week 2 Essay One Charles. Oryema Question: Worlds within texts often prompt us to question the worlds outside texts. Write an essay in response to this statement with reference to at least one short story you have studied. â€Å"Rhinoceros Beetle† by Susan Hawthorne is a story about a boy’s childhood obsession which becomes a reality when he grows into a man. The story presents ideas and assumptions which viewers can relate to real life. The writer first presents an image of a boy with a destructive nature which is normal in young males, but then challenges this idea by showing a more menacing side of some men. Women are portrayed as the victims and misunderstood by the†¦show more content†¦The author agrees with the idea of women as victims through the characterisation of women in the short story. The women are portrayed as helpless to the torment inflicted upon them by the boy in the story. This positions readers to feel sympathy for the women but also think of the world outside the text in which women are also seen as inferior to men. â€Å"Each season provided him new ways of frightening the little girls who sat in front of him or behind him†. This statement shows tha t the boy’s primary target were the girls who sat next to him. This supports the tradition idea of women as the victims and compels readers to see that the women in the text are treated more or less the same as the women in the outside world. Characterisation has been used by the author to reinforce the traditional idea of women as the helpless victims. The short story presents women as aware but misunderstood by men through use of narrative point of view. In society women are usually seen as inferior to men, and therefore often don’t get the acknowledgement they deserve. â€Å"The women held their secrets because when they mentioned it to their husbands or brothers they were laughed at†¦.Instead of sympathy, the husbands and brothers now had a secret weapon†. This shows that women did not share their fears as it gave others ideas to torment them further. Women in the short story are also shown to be fully aware of the boy’s behaviour early on in the story. â€Å"The men of his home town said, but howShow MoreRelatedNegative Effects Of Poaching1806 Words   |  8 Pagesdownside although those who profit will not care so long as they receive their money. Poaching crimes range from the butchering of elephants for their ivory, to the sale of great apes and exotic birds as pets, to caviar, decorative tiger p elts, and rhinoceros horns used for carvings and traditional medicines. Wildlife poaching has negative side-effects that affect local communities, wildlife populations, and the environment. First of all, there are many negative effects of poaching on communities andRead MoreA Brief Note On The Middle East And Asia1091 Words   |  5 Pagesedible fruit. Murphy (2007) spells out that E. guineensis produces about seven tons of oil per hectare per year and its uses are extended to industries for the production of foods, cosmetics and toiletries. â€Æ' 3.0 DESCRIPTION OF Oryctes rhinoceros Oryctes rhinoceros is a species of insects that belongs to the Scarabaeidae family. It undergoes complete metamorphosis with reproductive cycle consisting of five stages of development: the egg, the larva, the pre-pupa, the pupa and the adult. The insectRead MoreInterdependence Between the Species1331 Words   |  6 Pagesanimals such as ants, beetles and millipeds. 3.A oyster crab, Pinnothers ostreum is found in the mantle cavity of the oyster. In addition to shelter it also gets food from the host molluscs, oyster without causing any harm. PROTOCOOPERATION :-It is a short step ahead of commensalism and cooperation. In this relationship, both organisms gain by the association and are mutually benefited(facultative mutualism) Eg the Red billed Oxpecker form protocooperation with Black Rhinoceros- the bird feed onRead MoreMetamorphosis And Rhinoceros : Conformity Through The Representation Of Animals Essay1845 Words   |  8 PagesMetamorphosis and Rhinoceros both explore conformity through the representation of animals. Eugene Ionesco once said, ‘[A]mong the authors who have influenced me the most, the one who comes to mind immediately is Kafka. I would perhaps not have written the plays I wrote if there hadn t been Kafka’ (Jacquart and Ionesco 1973: 47). This may explain why the works of Metamorphosis by Franz Kafka (1915) and Rhinoceros by Eugene Ionesco (1959) use very similar components to explore conformity. The abstractRead MoreHercules: A Greek Tale 1170 Words   |  5 Pagestwelve labors. Hercules leaves a legacy in words and expression. He also leaves a legacy in science. One example of Hercules’ legacy in science is the Hercules beetle, it is the largest, and most famous of the rhinoceros beetles. Its origin reside in the rainforest of Central America and South America. Sources state that the beetle has also been found in South Veracruz. An example of Hercules’ legacy in words and expressions is Herculean. The adjective describes a task that requires much strengthRead MoreThe Borneo Rainforest2220 Words   |  9 PagesWildlife Fund has stated that 361 animal and plant species have been discovered in Borneo since 1996, underscoring its unparalleled biodiversity it is also the centre of evolution and radiation of many endemic species of plants and animals (18). The Rhinoceros Hornbills are large birds found throughout Borneo. To find food, they fly between fruiting trees occasionally stopping to grab small animals, like squirrels. The male birds have an orange or red ring around their eyes, while the ring remains whiteRead More Sexual Selection and Sexual Conflict Essay1140 Words   |  5 Pagesmechanism to explain the evolution of male-female dimorphism. He proposed sexual selection to explain the evolution of traits that do not contribute to survival or fecundity. Such traits are the elaborate train of the peacock, the horn of the rhinoceros beetle and the bright red belly of the stickleback. Due to the development of such characteristics some individuals have higher reproductive success because they achieve more matings or successful fertilizations. Sexual selection takes place betweenRead MoreTaking a Look at the Titan Arum1270 Words   |  5 Pageswhy it is kept in gardens across the globe. The Titan arum is also experiencing a seve re ecosystem breakdown. With its dwindling numbers and coexisting animals, Titan arum is finding less pollinators and seed distributors (like the disappearing Rhinoceros Hornbill Bird) to carry on its gene pool (Fayyaz et al.). To combat this disadvantage, Titan arum emits a ghastly smell that has been likened to the smell of a corpse, hence, it has been given the informal name of the Corpse Flower (RBG). TheRead MoreThe Food And Drug Aspect Of Aphrodisiac1388 Words   |  6 Pagesactivity through stimulating hormones to trigger sexual organ’s activity. It can also work as antagonist for some receptors to smooth muscles and therefore, contributing to a pleasant sexual experience (Shamloul 2010) Cantharides, a type of greenish beetle which is known as â€Å"Spanish Fly† (Rajagopalan 2013). Through oral administration, cantharides is excreted in urine and therefore, irritate the urethral passages, leaving inflammation in the genitals, which may lead to vascular congestion—erection (ShamloulRead MoreEssay about Shamanism1696 Words   |  7 Pagesproposed that the origin of the single horn may lie in observations of the native male turkey, which has a hornlike wattle above its beak that becomes especially prominent during mating season. Other possibilities include the horned serpent or the rhinoceros beetle, which some indigenous beliefs connect to the underworld. Furst suggests that the smaller, knob-like appearance denote a novice, while the larger horn indicates a shaman in full possession of his powers. (See Figure 2) ( {S, T, and O} Furst,

Essay on Our Dreams Give Us Hope - 1169 Words

Since the start of the world, Man has been searching for the meaning of life. He has looked everywhere but often failed to find it. The reason to live is to savor life and to live one filled with joy. This is another problem Man has often faced: how to be happy. Most of us think that we are happy when everyone else is proud of us, when we have achieved something for them or done something for the rest of the world. We strive to accomplish what others expect us to do, whether it is our parents, our friends, or even our teachers. The truth is something that has always been shunned: Man finds happiness by accomplishing the goals he sets for himself, realizing the dreams he holds. It turns out that the pursuit of happiness, something men have†¦show more content†¦once gave a speech that would be repeated for many years. King was one of those few people who found happiness. He spoke of his desires and how they could be fulfilled. I find his speech extremely moving, not only becau se he was fighting for a noble cause but because he had his own ideas. In his speech, he started: â€Å"I have a dream.† He doesn’t start by speaking of the dream of all the blacks in the world, he speaks of what he hopes to accomplish. Martin Luther King Jr. does what he does for his own good, not necessarily for the good of others. And is this so wrong? After all, when King was assassinated in 1968, his dream had been fulfilled. He had the same rights as any other white man. Martin Luther King learned something about himself: despite the efforts of the non-African American society, he was powerful enough to earn his freedom. He was able to go against long-held ideas and win. King’s dreams led him to greatness. He died a happy and free man, one who had found the purpose of his life and fulfilled it. Like Martin Luther King, My parents also had a dream. My parents emigrated from India in 2001. It was an arduous process, they had to go through a mountain of paper work, boundless fear of leaving the home they knew so well, and the sorrow of leaving their families for what lay in the unknown. They left their well-paying jobs for a place that promised nothing at all. They asked themselves: â€Å"am I ready for this?† And they didn’t know the answer. But theyShow MoreRelatedDreams Are A Good Thing1419 Words   |  6 PagesDreams Are a Good Thing As millennials we have been brought up with images all around us, images of models, fancy foods, paradise lifestyles. All of these serve the same purpose: they make us wish we lived lives like those depicted and want something more and different than we currently have. The images make us want something more than we currently have. These images are seen, by many, as dangerous for our society, particularly for those growing up and trying to find their place in the world.Read MoreIRCA Act Essay800 Words   |  4 PagesThe IRCA Act Hope for the Future On November 6, 1986 President Ronald Reagan passed an act that would give illegal immigrants the right to apply to get legal status under certain conditions that included: they had to be living in the United States before Jan 1, 1982 and show proof of that. Also the individual had to know a certain amount of history of the United States and they had to prove that they had not done any type of crime, pay a penalty fine and know the English language and governmentRead MoreThe Importance of Having Dreams724 Words   |  3 PagesDreams! Goals! Ideals! They all mean the same. These things are what fill every human alive. They are part of life and human nature. We all have the inbred desire for a good life. Dreams are vital to the life of every person. Without dreams, there is nothing to plan or look forward to; therefore, no reason to live. Dreams are what keep each and every one of us going. The definition of a dream is ‘hope’; an inspiration; an aim. Every human being dreams, the dreams differ greatly from person toRead MoreSteinbeck s Of Mice And Men970 Words   |  4 Pages and the oh so famous American Dream, but what if that dream was an idea and nothing more? America has had its ups and downs. For example, the Great Depression was a horrible time for Americans of all backgrounds.Certain books like Of Mice and Men show how hard it was to live in this time period. It also shows us how dreams-like the American Dream- were lies. In the novel, Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck believes the American Dream is unattainable. The American Dream is a broad term. To some it is theRead MoreDreams Come in All Shapes and Sizes1706 Words   |  7 PagesDreams or goals? To me they are both the same thing. In life in order to reach our goals we have to be willing to consistently go after them. There are company goals, personal goals, career goals, family goals or health goals, they all must be pursued with passion and purpose. The challenges of life can sometimes try to choke out our goals (dreams) and many people lose track of what it is they really want. I personally refuse to stand by and watch this happen. So I think that dreams role is thatRead More`` Runaways `` By Karen Brennan904 Words   |  4 PagesThrough her adventure abscond from her husband, she regains hopes and dream; hope: a place to settle, dream: where she could be loved again. The author Karen Brennan’s short story runaways† displays words with connotative meaning, and symbols to reveal her opinion that if we have hope we can a chieve our dreams. Brennan uses symbols to show how even though we can be in bad situations; there is hope for our dreams. The author Brennan uses numerous symbols to characterize theRead MoreThe American Dream : A New Nation1617 Words   |  7 PagesAmerican dream is an ideology that has been around, known, and praised for a long time. It is an aspiration many long to achieve and protect with their lives. A story that has been written out for us and embed in our minds. As children, we begin school and are taught the pledge of allegiance and how important it is for everyone to take a moment to praise and thank what the nation for what it has to offer. We rise and hold this belief too our hearts looking upon the flag representing our nation. WeRead MoreTime and Place in Langston Hughes Poetry Essay1133 Words   |  5 PagesIn many different ways, the time periods affects us all. In Langston Hughes poem’s Dreams, My People and Oppression all the themes are based on the time period and the surrounding events. In the poem Dreams he expresses that we need to hold onto our dreams. In My People he expresses his love and appreciation for his people. Lastly, in the poem Oppression he expresses the sorrow and pain of African Americans. By analyzing the themes, tone and figurative language of these poems the reader will be ableRead More Dreams Impossible: Hope in Of Mice and Men Essay1065 Words   |  5 Pages Hope-an illusion. Hope-something to be seen but never achieved. Hope-something to look forward to, never a reality. Reality comes from action, not wishes. Hope-a thing with feathers, flighty, beautiful, unreal. In both â€Å"Hope is the thing with feathers†, by Emily Dickinson, and Of Mice and Men, by John Steinbeck, hope is portrayed as keeping up one’s spirit, and welcome when times are grueling, and sounding promising but not always making sense. Curley’s wife dreams of being a movie star, and thisRead MoreSpeech : An Analysis Of Barack Obam as Speech1588 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic National Convention was being held. Published by American Rhetorical.com, Keynote speaker Barack Obama delivers a very optimistic speech full of hope, appealing to the emotions of not only Americans alike, but also to the average American to persuade them to vote for Kerry. Obama gives compelling personal family experiences, the values and hopes America was built upon, and why he supports John Kerry as the Democratic candidate for President of the United States of America. Even though his energy

Argumentative Free Essays

Module 5: Argumentative Task I 1. What is an argumentative essay? a. An essay that defines an abstract or ambiguous requires specific components and refines thinking. We will write a custom essay sample on Argumentative or any similar topic only for you Order Now 2. What is the job of a writer of an argumentative essay? How can a writer achieve this purpose? a. The writer purpose is to persuade the reader of an opinion about something. 3. Explain what are modals and their function in an argumentative writing. Give an example. a. The modals help the writer opinion sound stronger and weak modals make opposing view sound weaker.May, can, could, should, had better, ought to. 4. Which error should the writer avoid in an argumentative essay? a. The use of logic not based on facts is something that the reader should avoid. Task II 1. Did you wear a uniform when you went to school? a. Yes 2. Opinion about children being too interested in wearing brand new clothes and shoes. a. When I was a child I always waited for the first day of class just to wear the bran new uniform. However, not every student shows up the first day of class. . The topic of this essay is school uniforms. What is the hook in nthe first paragraph? a. Should public schools students be allowed to make their individual decisions about clothing or should all students be require wearing uniform? 4. What is the thesis statement? a. School uniforms are better decision for three reasons. 5. What is the thesis statement? Even though we know that â€Å"honesty is the best policy† why do we lie in our everyday lives? The fact is that we lie for many reasons. 6.Three reason for requiring school uniforms, paragraphs 2, 3, 4. a. School uniforms would help student’s lives simpler. b. School uniforms influence students responsibly in groups as individual. c. School uniforms would make all the students feel equally. 7. Which paragraph presents a counter argument? What is a counter argument? a. Paragraph 5. A counterargument is an argument, with factual evidence or other kinds of support that challenges either your thesis or a major argument for it. 8. What is the writer refutation? a.However, as stated previously, school is a place to learn, not to flaunt wealth and fashion. 9. Write the sentence from the concluding paragraph that restates the thesis. a. All Americans believe in the right to express their own opinion with out fear of punishment. 10. What is the writer opinion about the issued? a. There are many well documented benefits to implement mandatory school uniforms. Task III 1. Read the paragraph from Activity 6 on page 124 and under line all the uses of faulty logic. Errors are: a. Either/Or b. Hasty c. Sequence d. either/Or How to cite Argumentative, Papers

Creating Rights and Obligations Law

Question: Discuss about the Creating Rights and Obligations Law. Answer: Introduction: A contract is an agreement in which promises are made by two or more parties who have the intention of creating rights and obligations for such parties that can be enforced in a court of law. A contract can be described as an official agreement that has been created between two or more parties. The law allows that a contract can be created by the parties in writing or it can also be created only. The contracts that have been created in writing may use formal or informal terms. In the same way, even an entirely verbal contract can also be enforced by the law. However in such a case, it may be difficult to establish the terms of such a contract. Hence, a contract can be described as a promise that has been made by two or more parties and on the basis of which, a judgment can be made by the courts. There are certain essential elements that have to be present in an agreement due to which the agreement becomes a valid contract. If any of these elements is not present, the agreement is not a valid contract and consequently, the courts cannot enforce such an agreement. The first such element is that of offer. Under the contract law, and offers or a promise has to be made in the contract. If there is no offer, there can be no contract. It is the first element that has to be present for the purpose of making a contract legally enforceable. In order to make an offer, at least there should be two parties. The parties should have the legal capacity to enter into a contract. In case the offer has been accepted and other elements are present, it will amount to a legally enforceable contract. When the offer is being made, the other party comes to know what is being offered and what the other party is expecting in return. It also needs to be noted that a difference exists between and offer and an invitation to treat. The law provides that an invitation to treat is made by a party when it invites the other party to make an offer. An example of the invitation to treat is the goods that have been displayed in a shop window along with their price. In the same w ay, the goods that have been displayed on the shelf of a shop with a price tag also amount to an invitation to treat. The difference between an invitation to treat and an offer is that while the acceptance of the offer results in the creation of a valid contract, an invitation to treat cannot be accepted for creating a valid contract. The next element is the acceptance of the offer by the other party. When an offer has been made, the other party is required to accept the offer for the purpose of creating a valid contract. The law requires that the offer should be accepted on exactly the same terms. On the other hand, if while accepting the offer, the other party has introduced certain new terms and conditions, it amounts to a counter offer. On the other hand, a mere request for information is not considered by the law as a counter offer. Therefore in such a case, the offer remains intact. On the other hand, if a counter offer has been made, the original offer is no longer available to such a party. Hence the party making the counter offer is not allowed by the law to accept the original offer later on. The law provides that an offer can be accepted by only the party to whom it has been made. The acceptance is also required to be communicated to the other party. Merely a mental decision to accept the offer which ha s not been communicated to the other party does not amount to a valid acceptance. Anytime before the offer has been accepted, it can be withdrawn. In Felthouse v Bindley (1862), it was stated that silence cannot amount to the acceptance of the offer. An exception is present to the general rule which requires the communication of acceptance. This acceptance is present in case of unilateral contracts. An example of such a case was seen in Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. (1893). There is an exception present to the general rule according to which the acceptance becomes effective only when it has been communicated to the party making the offer. Hence the postal rule provides that when post has been contemplated by the parties for the purpose of the exchange of promises, the rule regarding the time of acceptance changes. While an offer that has been sent by post is not effective unless it has been received by the offeree, the acceptance will be considered to be effective as soon as the letter containing acceptance is put in the mailbox (Adams v Lindsell, 1818). On the other hand, in Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corp (1955), it was stated by the code that when a party has sent the acceptance of the offer by using an instantaneous mode of communication, the contract is considered to be effective only when such acceptance has been received by the other party. The next requirement that is present for the creation of the valid contract is that of consideration. Under the contract law, consideration means the thing that will be given back by the other party in return of the promise made under the contract. It amounts to an exchange that takes place between the promisee and the promisor. Without consideration, a legally enforceable contract cannot be created. There are certain rules related with consideration. The law of contract provides that consideration should move from the promisor. The law also provides that past consideration is not a good consideration (Roscorla v Thomas, 1842). In the same way, the law provides that consideration needs to be sufficient but the courts are not going to the question of adequacy of consideration. Consideration can be of two types, executory consideration and executed consideration. In case of executory consideration, an exchange of promises takes place for performing acts in the future, for example a contract related with the supply of goods according to which A dozen made a promise to deliver goods to B at some future date and in return, a promise is made by B to play on delivery. In case A fails to deliver the goods, it can be considered as a breach of contract and B can sue A. If the goods are delivered by A the consideration becomes executed. In case of executed consideration, if a party has made a promise in exchange of an act of the other party, when such act is completed, the consideration is known as executed consideration. An example can be given of a unilateral contract in which a reward of $500 has been announced by A to any person who finds and the returns have lost handbag and if B returns the bag, the consideration provided by B is executed consideration. As mentioned above, the general rule provides that past consideration is not good consideration. However there are certain exceptions to this rule. When the promisor has made a previous request to the other party for providing the goods or services, then a promise that has been made after the goods or services were provided is considered as binding (Lampleigh v Braithwait, 1615). Similarly if something has been done in context of business and both the parties clearly understood that it will be paid for, then also the past consideration is treated as good consideration (Re Casey's Patents, 1892). These principles were also followed by the Privy Council in Pao On v Lau Yiu Long (1980). The Law contract also provides regarding consideration that it should be something of a value even if the courts do not go into the issue of legacy of consideration. The result of this position is that things like natural love and affection are not treated by the law as good consideration (Eastwood v Kenyon (1840). Another requirement related with creating a valid contract is the intention of the parties to enter into a legal relationship. This invention is essential for a valid contract. In this way, the law requires that while entering into the agreement, the parties should have the intention that they are going to enter a legal relationship. The purpose behind the introduction of this requirement is to differentiate between purely social/domestic agreements and the agreements that have been created in context of trade and commerce. Without this requirement, even the routine promises that are made by us in our daily life will also become legally enforceable and the courts will be burdened with a large number of cases. Therefore, a promise made by a friend to go to dinner or a promise made by the father to purchase a new bicycle is not enforceable by law if the parties did not have the intention of creating a legal relationship. Certainty is the next element that should be present in a valid contract. The law contract requires that the terms and conditions that have been mentioned by the parties in the agreement should have been mentioned clearly and understood by the parties. In case the terms of the agreement are not certain, such a contract is not a valid contract. According to the contract law, another element that should be present in a valid contract is the capacity of the parties. In this context, capacity to contract means the legal capacity of the parties to enter into a contract. According to the Law, minors, the persons of unsound mind, persons under intoxication etc. are not allowed by the law to create a valid contract. In Nash v Inman (1908), Nash was a tailor who had entered into a contract for supplying Inman, a student at Cambridge for the supply of 11 fencing waistcoats. At that time, Inman was a minor and he already had an adequate supply of clothes. When the cost of these coats was claimed by Nash, Inman tried to rely on his lack of capacity and succeeded. The court stated that like a lunatic, a minor is also not capable of making a contract in the strict sense of the word. However if a person satisfies the needs of the minor or lunatic and supplies the necessaries of life to such a person, it will be implied that such person has an obligation to repay for these services and this obligation can be enforced against the estate of the minor or the lunatic. But it needs to be mentioned that the basis of this obligation is not contractor but instead the obligation to make a fair payment regarding the needs of the minor that have been satisfied by another person. Therefore, it can be said that a contract created with a minor or a lunatic is voidable under the common law except the necessities of life supply to the minor. In this way, a minor can enter into a contract for supplying the articles at a reasonable price that are reasonable and necessary for supporting the minor in his station in life if the minor does not have a sufficient supply of such articles. However, such a contract can become enforceable only if the two following conditions are satisfied. First of all the contract should be related with the supply of goods that are reasonably necessary for supporting the minor in his station in life and the minor should not already have an adequate supply of these articles. References: Adams v Lindsell (1818) 106 ER 250 Carlill v. Carbolic Smoke Ball Co. [1893] 2 Q.B Eastwood v Kenyon (1840) 11 Ad. E. 438 Entores Ltd v Miles Far East Corporation [1955] EWCA Civ 3 Felthouse v Bindley (1862) EWHC CP J 35, Lampleigh v Braithwait (1615) Hob 105 Nash v Inman [1908] 2 KB 1 Pao On v Lau Yiu Long [1980] AC 614 Re Casey's Patents [1892] 1 Ch 104 Roscorla v Thomas, (1842) 3 QB 234

William Shakespeare Essays (909 words) - Counties Of England

William Shakespeare The history of William Shakespeare, poet and playwright, is anything but one free of controversy. There are several arguments challenging his very existence. Over the years, every aspect of his life has been studied and researched comprehensively. One of the most intriguing aspects of his life undoubtedly is his relationship with his wife and his various love affairs. This essay aims to highlight and analyze the environment surrounding his marriage and attempt to compare it with information presented in the screenplay. The various scholars who have involved themselves in bringing to life his past have come up with stirring evidence about his marriage. What is for certain is the fact that Shakespeare did marry a certain Anne Hathaway. "On November 28, 1582 the Bishop of Worcester issued the marriage bond for 'William Shagspere' and 'Ann Hathwey of Stratford' This was almost beyond doubt, Anne Hathaway, daughter of Richard Hathaway of Shottery" (1582 Marriage). This quote not only confirms this fact, but also gives us the most accurate known date of Shakespeare's wedding. However, some records have changed the whole story surrounding Shakespeare's marriage. Ivor Brown, in his book Shakespeare, traces the circumstances that led up to the marriage. William Shakespeare may not have married Anne Hathaway out of choice. "On November 27, 1582, an entry was made in the Episcopal register at Worcester. This set down the issue of a marriage license to William Shakespeare and Anne Whatley of Temple Grafton. On the next day, two yeomen of Stratford, Fulk Sandells and John Richardson, agreed to pay forty pounds should any legal consideration arise to prevent the marriage of William Shagspere and Anne Hathway of Worcester." (Brown 45) The first theory that can be proposed after reading the excerpt is that an error occurred in the recording of the wedding and was promptly taken care of the next day. But, what if Anne Whatley really did exist? After all, the excerpt does claim that the two Annes were from different towns. It isn't hard to tribute an affair to Shakespeare at all. Shakespeare didn't need looks to captivate a lady's heart. Over the years, he has captured the hearts of millions worldwide with his penmanship. Arguably, such a man could, at that young an age, have easily seduced several women with the magic of his words. And, even though he is some ten years older in the screenplay, Norman and Stoppard have done a brilliant job of portraying Will as an individual brimming with passion and lust in the screenplay. Though a mix up in names was commonplace of that time, it is unlikely that it took place in this instance. Hathaway and Whatley are wholly different names and Temple Grafton could certainly not have been penned down as Stratford. "Now however sleepy a clerk may have become during the course of his day's penmanship and its refreshment intervals, it is extremely unlikely that he would transliterate Temple Grafton into Stratford" (Brown 48). This bit of evidence may be the clue that suggests the possibility of Anne Whatley's existence. Had there been an Anne Whatley from Temple Grafton and an Anne Hathaway, from Stratford, it would give a juicy twist to the story of William Shakespeare, the lover! But, we can only speculate as to what the truth actually was. Perhaps, Shakespeare had intended to marry Whatley all the way and an irresistible Hathaway had suddenly walked into his life. Another possibility could be that the playwright was having an affair with both women at the same time and had made false promises to both. And, the reason he ended up marrying Hathaway was that she was three months pregnant. " . . . because the bride was some three months pregnant and there was reason for haste in concluding the marriage" (1582 Marriage). This corresponds with what Will tells Dr. Moth in the screenplay. So, we arrive at the conclusion that Shakespeare did not marry Anne Hathaway by choice. This would obviously imply that the relationship would not be a happy one and would in fact be short-lived. Hence, we return to Will's statement in the screenplay about the detached relationship between him and his wife. "WILL: Four years and a hundred miles away in Stratford. A cold bed too, since the twins were born. Banishment was a blessing" (12). This statement not only describes the emptiness between the couple, but also runs parallel with the possibility that Will indeed never wanted Hathaway as his wife. Another strong pillar supporting this theory is a statement from Shakespeare's will.

Free Essays on Sex Pre-Selection

Danae Williams Sociology Mondays and Wednesdays Research Paper I approached this paper in a much different way then any other paper I have ever written. The topic that I have chosen is sex selection and since this topic is so new I felt that every resource was very unique and had a lot to offer. That is why I have chosen to write this paper in order of the resources I have found. I hope that you do not mind. Technology nowadays is phenomenal. There is so much that technology is now able to do, and there is also a lot of competition out there concerning technology. With the technology today there truly is no limit to what someone can do. Technology has become so advanced that couples can now even decide what sex they want their child to be. Sex selection is an unbelievably expensive and quite silly process. I would think that as long as a couple has a healthy baby that they would be happy, but not any more. Couples want it all and now they are capable of doing just that. Sex selection has always been around but not the way it is today. Accurately selecting the sex of ones child has been a goal of many cultures since man has been on earth. Some superstition has created many outrageous practices for the reproduction of a child of a desired sex at the time of conception. Recommendations for having males include, having sex in dry weather when the moon is full, the nut harvest is plentiful, and there is a north wind. Many parents throughout history have resorted to selective abortion and infanticide, to guarantee them the sex of their children. With more recent advances in technology couple have more assistance with an accurate method of selecting the sex of their child before conception. At this time there are two methods that provide the best results for sex selection, they are pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of embryos and sperm-sorting through flow cytometry. The ethical ... Free Essays on Sex Pre-Selection Free Essays on Sex Pre-Selection Danae Williams Sociology Mondays and Wednesdays Research Paper I approached this paper in a much different way then any other paper I have ever written. The topic that I have chosen is sex selection and since this topic is so new I felt that every resource was very unique and had a lot to offer. That is why I have chosen to write this paper in order of the resources I have found. I hope that you do not mind. Technology nowadays is phenomenal. There is so much that technology is now able to do, and there is also a lot of competition out there concerning technology. With the technology today there truly is no limit to what someone can do. Technology has become so advanced that couples can now even decide what sex they want their child to be. Sex selection is an unbelievably expensive and quite silly process. I would think that as long as a couple has a healthy baby that they would be happy, but not any more. Couples want it all and now they are capable of doing just that. Sex selection has always been around but not the way it is today. Accurately selecting the sex of ones child has been a goal of many cultures since man has been on earth. Some superstition has created many outrageous practices for the reproduction of a child of a desired sex at the time of conception. Recommendations for having males include, having sex in dry weather when the moon is full, the nut harvest is plentiful, and there is a north wind. Many parents throughout history have resorted to selective abortion and infanticide, to guarantee them the sex of their children. With more recent advances in technology couple have more assistance with an accurate method of selecting the sex of their child before conception. At this time there are two methods that provide the best results for sex selection, they are pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) of embryos and sperm-sorting through flow cytometry. The ethical ...

Employee Privacy Rights at Work Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Employee Privacy Rights at Work - Essay Example 897). The rights of the company have been upheld time and again. However, the real issue the company must address is finding the proper balance between the two. As Bupp (2001) pointed out, although the company has a wide range of monitoring open to it, studies have found that too much monitoring can also cause undo stress and be demoralizing for employees. Finding the balance that protects the company's interests while ensuring employees are afforded an adequate measure of perceived respect and privacy becomes the aim of modern business in today's technologically advanced work environment. How that balance may be achieved is the focus of this research. As upheld in the Electronic Communications Privacy Act, 18 USCA 2510 of 1986 (ECPA), employers, as owners of the premises and communications equipment, have many rights of which employees may be unaware. According to Volkert (2005) employers may "search company-owned computers, monitor Internet use, use video surveillance and listen to voice mail" (p. 1). As early as 2001 Bupp found when reviewing an American Management Association survey report that as of 2001 73.5% of all major companies in the U.S. "record and review employee communications and activities on the job, including their phone calls, e-mail, Internet connections, and computer files" (p. 74). An additional 5% monitor phone logs and/or use video surveillance cameras. In 88% of the cases where the company electronically monitors employees' working habits, the employee is informed of the methodology the company uses to monitor their behavior. The need for monitoring of employees has stemmed from documented cases of employee theft of proprietary information from their employer as well as theft of company time by employees who instead of working at the job for which they were hired to be perform, spend an inordinate amount of company time on personal business thereby reducing the productivity of the company. Lichtash (2004) points out that use or misuse of company time by employees in surfing the internet or sending and receiving inappropriate email can lead to serious consequences to the employer including lost productivity and in some instances may lead to a perceived hostile work environment or charges of sexual harassment when email is used to circulate offensive contents. For those reasons alone "employers have a clear interest in restricting the use of their e-mail and Internet systems" (p. 27). Lichtash (2004) has also noted that there are varying degrees of use or misuse of company email. Firstly, many employers recognize that time restraints sometimes require employees to occasionally use company time to conduct some degree of personal business which the company generally allows or overlooks. The second type of misuse is more serious abuse of company systems that would warrant disciplinary action was the company to detect it. The last type of abuse is flagrant misuse resulting in a direct or potential substantial loss to the company which would result in immediate termination if the company was aware of the

French laundry ( marketing analysis) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

French laundry ( marketing analysis) - Essay Example With the advent of the economic recession the sales of the restaurants have also been affected because of the reduced number of the customers. The owner and chief chef Thomas Keller has framed a unique identity for the restaurant in United States of America. To understand the present state of the restaurant certain management tools were used and the analysis has been provided below: The restaurant, French laundry has a strong market position. The name of the restaurant has become synonymous for rich and exotic food which provides a memorable experience for the gourmets. Many people are of the opinion that French laundry restaurant is not just an eatery; rather it’s the place where they create moments for the life time (Fish, 2009). However after the financial recession in US, the restaurant is losing its market position. The restaurant has achieved its present market position by the combined effort of all its members, starting from the head chef to the person who serves the food. Each and every aspect is so well managed that every moment spend in the restaurant becomes an experience to be cherished (The French Laundry, 2007). The French laundry is awarded three stars; the most coveted honour, in the restaurant industry. There are however, many more restaurants in US which share the three star rating with French laundry and are its strong competitors. The economical downturn has reduced the threat from new entrants in US market, but competition among the existing restaurants have increased a lot (The New York Times-a, n.d.). The restaurant is very much concerned regarding its raw materials and takes care to ensure a smooth and effective Supply Chain. French Laundry subsidised the farmers so that they can generate healthy off-season revenue. The restaurant prefers to use fresh fruits for the recipe and the left over fruits are used for making jams, cider vinegars, wine barrels etc. The

Influences Of Spice Trade In British-India

Influences Of Spice Trade In British-India Introduction Colonisation refers strictly to migration, for example, to settler colonies, trading posts, and plantations, while colonialism deals with this as well as the ruling of new territories existing peoples. Spice Colonisation There are many reasons to start a colonisation and spice trade is one of the most influential key reason since ancient times. Spice Colonisation occurs with the value of spices, spice route, timeline of spice trade, spice influences and impacts in pre-colonisation, during colonisation and post colonisation both the coloniser and colonised. Spice colonisation happened mostly in South East Asia areas and India during the Classical period to Middle Age and until the modern colonialism, by Greece, Roman Empire and the Vikings to Western European countries. The history of spice is almost as old as human civilisation. It is a history of lands discovered, empires built and brought down, wars won and lost, treaties signed and flouted, flavours sought and offered, and the rise and fall of different religious practices and beliefs. Spices were among the most valuable items of trade in ancient and medieval times. Many of these spices (think of pepper and cinnamon) have become so ubiquitous that it is difficult to reconcile the fact that until very recently they were rare and expensive commodities. Indeed, the history of commerce and trade is the history of spices and it is no exaggeration to say that America would not have been discovered were it not for the European desire to break the Arab traders monopoly on spices.    The search for a cheaper way to obtain spices from the East led to the great Age of Exploration and the discovery of the New World. European explorers such as Ferdinand Magellan, Vasco da Gama, and Bartholomeu Dias began their long sea voyages to discover a sea route to the sources of spices. Christopher Columbus went westwards from Europe in 1492 to find a sea route to the lands of spices but found the Americas. In 1497 the Portuguese navigator Vasco da Gama discovered a sea route around the southern tip of Africa, eventually reaching Kozhikode on the southwest coast of India in 1498. British in India Spice Colonisation India is once the most influential country in spice trade and route. Before British colonised India in spice trade, the Arabians, Roman Empire, Portuguese and Dutch had been taking control of India for the same reason. The British Empire has formed a company called the British East India Company. The British East India Company was a joint-stock company that was originally formed to do business with the East Indies. But eventually, the company ended up doing business primarily with the Indian subcontinent and China. It is commonly said that in the history of the world there is no more wonderful story than that of the advent of the British Empire in India. East India Company was unique as it started its humble beginning as the mere trading company and later took over political interest and changed to the ruler of the entire country. In 1799, British Empire had gained its full vigor and was named the most powerful political and military force in India, after Tipu Sultan of Mysore was de feated. Architectural Influences of British in India The British Empire has brought many influences into India including cultural exchange, cuisine, technologies and most of all, architecture. Roughly from 1799, the British Empire had commenced the prolonged history of British architecture that was rule in India for the next 200 years. With this elevated status the Britons also gauged the need and responsibility to govern territories under their control and to be viewed as a powerful, civilized force by the Indians. During the colonisation, the British brought with them their architecture style and symbolism as well as  more technologically advanced building methods and materials that the Indians adapted to their own directly or modified to fit their own social and  cultural constructs. While the British held deep admiration for the ancient Indian culture and its relics, including architecture, even to the point of maintaining much of its unique traditions and aesthetics, they both introduced new philosophies, symbolisms, technologies, materials, and building methods to the Indians. These new ideas and elements that the British brought to Indian architecture fundamentally changed not only the general appearance, but also the meaning, function, and  how architecture was viewed by the Indians and British alike. Before 1947, the understanding of Indians art and architecture was still linked to how they perceived their role within British imperialism. However, after India independent they wanted to illustrate that India had a living artistic tradition, although the natives were unaware of it, and they considered it to rescue it from oblivion. In their determined effort to rescue Indias artistic past, people started to develop their own standards for judging and categorizing Indian arts and crafts. Collecting art specimens and organizing them according to scientific principles was driven by the 19th century British pre-occupation with division and classification, exaggerated in the colonial context by the desire to fathom the diversity of Indian culture. More importantly the classification of arts and architectures were tied directly to economy. However, the British intervention was necessary to set India on a better future. Language First was the language, many Indians were conversant with the English language, because the British colonialists intended to export their values and culture by teaching the Indian population their language. This has brought huge benefits for future development in India after its independence. For the economy, most of companies during post-colonization era still engaged in outsourcing business which trading with European and America. Good English skill bring them better quality work and more work opportunities. Meanwhile, more businessmen and traders were attracted to India for investment because of the economical labour, good services and communication. Lot of benefits for native people who could speak better English in trading with each and other. Law Secondly, the British annexed many princely states and formed laws and policies of their own. Slowly but rapidly the entire Indian subcontinent came under the British rule. Although this had met with dissatisfaction and resentment by most of Indians, it still made contribute to Indias future development. Law in modern India largely based on English common law because of the long period of British colonial influence, and various legislations first introduced by the British are still in effect in modified forms today especially on improving womens rights in India. Urban Development British ruled in India for almost 300 years, and in the year 1600 British came in India. Then they start to settle in India. Because of global spice trading, most of them firstly settled in the coastal city. During the settlement, British brought lots of their technologies and rules onto this land. Most of them are appeared in the port cities. One of most famous port city in India during post-colonial era was Bombay. By middle 19th century, the British introduced the railways, telegraph and postal service in Bombay. This great instruments, the railways, postal services significantly affected the developmental course of modern India. These technologies increased quality of peoples community and social life. One of great railway station building in India that still can be found nowadays is called Victoria Terminus in Bombay. Prior to the railway age, Bombay had become an important port-city and administrative centre. With additional economic and population growth happen in Bombay after Indias independent, the demand of residential and industrial lands start to increase. This made Bombays site start to extend from the coast into centre India. The footprint of the city development is followed by the railways route. Ending Trade in India in the present day involves less nationalistic qualities than it did in the past. Spice growers now export their products through their own organizations or through exporting houses. Spices are now distributed by food manufacturers, wholesalers and retailers. With the advances in technology and science, too, the spices are now able to flourish in other parts of the world with similar climates as India. There is no longer the problem of having to travel halfway across the world to obtain spices. The abundance of sources and the absence of influences from profit-hungry nations make for the affordable prices we see every day in grocery stores. However, the spice route played a significant role for Indias development. Quite extraordinary in its incomparable neo-classical lordliness stood the Bombay Town Hall. The Greek Doric Order of its commanding temple-fronts undoubtedly turned eyes for its international outlook.

Organizational Behavior and Design Essay

Leadership exists in both formal and informal fashion. Formal leadership is defined by Byrnes (2003, p. 160) as ‘leadership by a manager who has been granted the formal authority or right to command’. Formal authority in this sense means those elements that automatically come with leadership – perhaps a title, an office, a budget, the right to make decisions, a set of subordinates, a reporting relationship, and so on. Formal leaders are appointed or elected to lead the group by virtue of such characteristics as their position in the organization and their interest or expertise in relation to the group’s focus. A formal leader is one who possesses organizational authority to direct and control the activities of subordinates. The individual issues orders and instructions to his subordinates by virtue of his formal authority within the organization. The formal leader is responsible and accountable to those who have elected him in a formal way. At the managerial or executive level, this paper asserts that formal leadership is not always necessary; at least, the execution of formal authority by the leader must constantly depend on the situation. The main reason behind this assertion is that formal leadership strategies that carry out perceived improvements do not always generate a common vision among leadership groups. Nor does formal leadership always establish or follow guidelines for carrying out improvements. For instance, Durk Jager, former Procter & Gamble (P&G) CEO, has many traits of a good manager and may have managed P&G well during his time but he was not seen by those whom he managed as being the leader. This example just implies that formal authority is not the sole basis of leadership in part because leadership relationships are based on additional resources other than authority, like expertise and interpersonal skills. The formal leader cannot depend solely on the use of formal authority because subordinates seldom put maximum effort under the pressure of authority. Being a successful businessperson or manager does not make a person a good leader. Just because someone is assigned a formal leadership role does not guarantee that the person will be the only leader of the group, or will become effective in the said role, as evidenced in the aforementioned example. A top level manager like Jager that has considerable authority but lacked leadership qualities is likely to be less effective than a supervisor with little authority but a high degree of qualities. People in formal leadership positions may wield force or authority using only their position and the resources and power that come with it, but never get the cooperation that people who exercise both formal and informal leadership at the same time. Informal leadership can be valuable assets to an organization’s formal leadership, and they can use their influence to work with the goals of the organization. In this light, giving managers formal authority is less important than ensuring that their expertise, creativity, initiative and interpersonal skills infuse organizational improvement efforts. Further, while most open-minded formal leaders believe in their own importance, seeing themselves as central to the health of the organization, they do not always regard it as essential that they review either their role or organizational convictions. Furthermore, strictly formal organizations can seldom define all the possible variations of responsibility and personal interaction to be expected of all members in all situations. Nevertheless, organizations appear to be founded upon a basic system of stable expectations regarding differential responsibilities and relationships among the members. This is not a one-way process. That is, it is not the organization alone which sets up role expectations for its members. The members set up expectations for each other and for the organization as a whole. Moreover, while group members can agree upon which members hold the position of leader, the inconsistencies between such agreement and the attempts to evaluate leadership in terms of group productivity is evidently due to a low correlation between actually influential behavior and formal leadership status. In conclusion, it would be highly beneficial for an organization if members think of leadership as a behavior, not a formal role, as it will extend the capability for leadership behaviors to all organizational members and call for a change in how the organization approaches leadership development, which then should focus beyond managers or future managers to include all organizational members. Such a conception of leadership does not require that the functions of leadership be vested in one person. Any person who influences the group is playing a leader’s role and in this sense several individuals may be viewed as leaders at different times. In this paper, it is accepted that leadership may shift among group members depending upon the situations confronted by the group. Formal leaders, then, are office holders elected to play the most influential roles most of the time. The informal or effective leaders are the individuals who in fact do play the most influential roles most of the time. Those in formal leadership positions may have final authority, but others, within their own more constrained domains, will still need to draw on virtually the same set of leader attributes. These other’ leaders support the organizational leadership and extend the reach of those in formal leadership positions. Their leadership is manifest through their ability to work effectively with others, derive consensus, take initiative, question, and propose. These forms of participation in leadership are rarely considered as leadership per se, especially from traditional (i. . , narrow) perspectives. Rather than viewing leadership as the province of a few elites that have formal leadership role designations, an alternative perspective of this paper views leadership as an outcome of effective social structures and processes. It is the aggregate ability to create shared work that is meaningful to people and to add value to an organization. From this latter perspective, everyone can and should participate in both formal and informal leadership.

Business Partner Model Essay

The business partnering model and its impact on both the HR function and HR practice Since the concept of the business partnering model was introduced by Ulrich in 1997, the composition of the HR function has dramatically changed. As Goodge (2005) identified, â€Å"partnering is fundamentally changing almost every HR function, every HR job, and every HR career† (Pg. 32). Ulrich argued that HR needed to deliver on both a strategic and administrative level and identified four key roles through which organisations could achieve this (Torrington et al. 2007). The model has become a fixation for much of the HR community and its introduction has initiated a fundamental change to the HR function’s anatomy over the last decade (Francis & Keegan, 2008). The key themes which will be discussed within this literature review are the impact of the model on the competencies required of successful business partners, the debate of HR’s strategic focus as a result of the model and the loss of the employee champion role. However, attention must first be brought to the partnering model itself. The Model Ulrich’s business partnering model focuses on four key roles that HR need to address in order to deliver organisational excellence (Ulrich 1998). Becoming a ‘strategic partner’ in the execution of organisational strategy, increasing functional efficiency by being an ‘administrative expert’, fully engaging employees by becoming an ‘employee champion’ and finally, through facilitating and encouraging a culture of flexibility and acceptance to the evolving business environment as a ‘change agent’ (Ulrich 1998). Precursors to Ulrich’s partnering model are Tyson and Fell’s 1985 model, based upon three fundamental positions using a construction site metaphor (architect, clerk of works and contract negotiator) and Storey’s 1992 model based on the four roles required in the shift from personnel management to Human Resource Management (regulator, handmaiden, adviser and changemaker) (Torrington et al. , 2007). In 2005, Ulrich and Brockbank mused over the partnering model once more and proposed a refreshed framework. This was not a revolutionary diversion from the original model, however a reflection of the changing roles that they had been observing in organisations since the introduction of the original model (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005a). The model was upgraded with the omission of the roles ‘employee champion’, ‘change agent’ and ‘administrative expert’, with these being replaced by ‘employee advocate’ (focusing on current employee needs), ‘human capital developer’ (preparing employees to be successful for the future) and ‘functional expert’ (administrative efficiency and the development of policies) (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005a). The ‘strategic partner’ role remained within the refreshed model and they also added a fifth dimension which was that of the ‘HR Leader’, the genuine leadership role which ties all four key roles together (Ulrich & Brockbank, 2005a). What is interesting from the literature, is that although this more modern model has been considered, it is the original model to which most commentators refer. Before considering the impact of this model on HR functions and practice, it is important to first consider why such a large number of organisations have found it appropriate to restructure their HR departments in this way. In 1998, Ulrich himself questioned the effectiveness of the role that HR played in organisations and recognised that his model needed to move away from HR’s traditional activities, which focused on processes, to a focus on deliverables (Ulrich, 1998). The new model was a way of ensuring that HR as a function was adding value and increasing organisational competitiveness (Ulrich, 1997) and his approach of using HR professionals as strategic business partners was being seen as a mechanism for allowing changes to be made in order for HR to make these significant competitive and strategic contributions (Goodge, 2005). Lawler & Mohrman (2003) argued that in organisations where competitive advantage was created through human and intellectual capital, the demand for HR to be a strategic partner was greater. What makes a competent business partner? Defining what the single role of a business partner involves is rather ambiguous and much of the recent literature identifies that there is no single model for HR business partnering, therefore leaving each organisation to have their own interpretation of what a business partner is (Caldwell, 2008 & 2010; Torrington et al. , 2007; Beckett, 2005). In some organisations the impact of the model has only gone as far as an upgraded ob title (Beckett, 2005; Pitcher, 2008) and it is this weak implementation in some companies that has led to various criticisms of the model (Peacock, 2008; Pitcher, 2008). This leads to the first key discussion identified within the literature, which questions the use of competency models in the selection, development and success of business partners in achieving the outcome of ‘organisational excellence’. With the business partner role seeking a more strategic mind-set, it has been seen as increasingly more difficult to find people who fit the role (Beckett, 2005). Caldwell (2010) has most recently discussed the use of competency models for the better selection and development of HR business partners, as a new way of aligning HR strategy with organisational performance. The competencies that have been argued as most essential for a successful business partner are being a strong operational executor, a cultural steward, a strategic architect, a business ally and credible activist, an experienced talent manager and organisational designer (Ulrich, 2008 cited in Caldwell, 2010). The competencies, in theory, would lead the business partner to performing a balance of the four key roles originally proposed by Ulrich, however what is clearly apparent from the literature, is that the business partner role is wide open for interpretation (Torrington et al. , 2007; Beckett, 2005). Therefore what can be argued as a benefit of using a competency framework, is that it can potentially offer a more consistent approach to selection, development and success of partnering (Caldwell, 2010). Caldwell’s (2010) study considered the HR and business strategy linkage, with selection and development of business partners through the use of competency models as antecedents to this link. What was indicated in his study was that using these competency frameworks was largely effective in the selection of HR business partners, however much less effective in the development and linking between HR strategy and organisational performance (Caldwell, 2010). The relationship between HR roles and competency models is an area of significant controversy and it was not long before questions were raised as to how each key role played out within the business partner position; whether there were a holistic set of competencies for the business partner role or separate competencies for the four key roles (Caldwell, 2010). Other queries were raised in the literature regarding the weighting of importance of each of the competencies and also whether or not these competencies were generally applicable to all HR practitioners or just to those playing a business partner role (Caldwell, 2010). Ulrich and Brockbank (2005a) appreciated that not all of the key roles could be played to the same degree and depending on which HR category you specialised in, different roles may take a priority. This therefore brings the reader back to Torrington et al. (2007) and Becketts’ (2005) notion that there is no single model and that although the discussions are advancing within the literature about the role of business partners, it appears there has been no agreement of the best method of implementation. This was reflected in Caldwell’s study, where he appreciated that the creation of the competency models was beneficial, but that the problem highlighted in HR practice was the difficulty of managing the transition from possessing the competencies, to delivering the capability (Caldwell, 2010). One of the most talked about competencies within the literature is that of possessing business understanding. Lawler and Mohrman (2003) discussed in their research that for someone fulfilling the role of business partner, strong understanding of the business was essential. Beckett (2005) also advocates the need for a commercially aware candidate, however in practice, this is very difficult to recruit for within the pool of HR professionals. As a result of this limited pool of resources, there has been a rise in members within the HR function who have been parachuted in from other areas of the business, such as marketing or sales (Francis & Keegan, 2006). Lawler and Mohrman’s (2003) study noted that one quarter or senior HR professionals had side stepped into the HR function from these other business areas, with the objective of greater strategic alignment with the business. Therefore potentially increasing the impact the HR function has on organisational performance (Francis & Keegan, 2006). There are, however, various implications to HR practice by focusing business partner competencies in such a way. Although HR professionals may see this odern commercial and strategic focus as enhancing the value of their role, it is being observed that line managers and employees can often become sceptical and mistrustful that HR are focused too much on business objectives rather than on those of the people (Caldwell, 2010). Beckett (2005) also outlines concerns of appointing a HR business partner who only has commercial experience by arguing that you are open to the risk of unsafe management of the business, however on the flipside, by getting the balance wrong and isolating your business partners from the rest of the HR function, it can result in losing the HR focus. Therefore a ‘perfect’ business partner would have a balanced background of commercial and business acumen, coupled with the experience of the multiple facets of HR in order to really add strategic value and deliver ‘organisational excellence’ (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). The shift towards a strategic focus One of the fundamental factors of the business partnering model is ensuring that the HR and business strategies are aligned, therefore enabling the HR function to deliver organisational excellence. This leads to the next key theme identified within the literature regarding the shift to a strategic HR focus which has resulted in a repositioning of the identity of the HR profession (Wright, 2008). Wright (2008) observes that moving towards strategic HRM has contributed to the occupation losing its wider social objectives and transforming into a simple agent of capital (p. 1068). These discussions are contradictory to the balanced purpose of Ulrich’s four key roles, however the literature has suggested that out of the four roles, the strategic partner has been represented with unbalanced proportion. Lawler and Mohrman (2003) argue that if HR does not play a strategic partnering role, how can the function be fully aligned with what the business needs are and then deliver the most effective activities? It is clear from the discussions within the literature that as organisations become more cost effective and streamlined, they will increasingly require fewer HR practitioners to undertake the transactional workloads as this will be transferred to shared service models or outsourcing. Therefore the argument for a partnership to be truly effective, requires the HR function to put more emphasis on the strategic activities such as organisational design and planning (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). In practice this seems to have been the case and the impact on organisations who have adopted the partnering model have witnessed a transformation in their HR activities, shifting away from the traditional administrative functions to devoting more attention to organisational level activities such as those strategic activities discussed above (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003). Focusing competencies on this link between HR and business strategy however, could lead to the business partner role becoming unsustainable (Caldwell, 2010) and Hope Hailey et al. (2005) question the strategic-heavy focus. Their study demonstrated that while the HR function is becoming more notable strategically, the human side of the functionality is deteriorating (Hope Hailey et al. 2005), thus suggesting that the strategic role on its own does not necessarily enhance the organisational performance of the human capital. Ulrich’s (1997) proposal required HR professionals to be both operational and strategic in their focus through all of the four key roles, however Caldwell (2003) noted the inherent ‘role conflict’ which would naturally emerge from this performance of more than one role, due to the competing demands made upon them by employees and senior management (Hope Hailey et al. 2005). As discussed earlier, the partnering model is most effective and successful in organisations which rely on human and intellectual capital as a source of competitive advantage (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003), therefore if business partners don’t balance the needs of the people focusing roles, they will not achieve the organisational excellence Ulrich’s (1997) model was designed for. Hope Hailey et al. 2005) agree with Caldwell (2003) that ‘role conflict’ is inevitable with the performance of multiple roles and therefore question whether it will ever be possible in practice for the HR function to balance both employee and management needs through fulfilling Ulrich’s four key roles. The ‘perfect’ partner can balance these conflicting roles by having a strategic influence at a corporate level and strong expertise in operational delivery, however as noted in the literature around competencies, these qualities are not easy to find, nor to develop. What has happened to the role of ‘employee champion’? The final key discussion which has been noted from the recent literature, progresses from the fixation of the strategic focus of the partnering model and questions the shift of attention away from the employee. Wright (2008) observed that for nearly all respondents of his study, the strategic adviser role was seen as a much more attractive identity than that of the traditional image of the bureaucratic HR manager. Therefore, one can see how the profession is seen to be losing its focus on the people facing ‘employee champion’ role. Lawler and Mohrman (2003) argue that for partnership to work HR must increase their faith in line managers and transfer various transactional HR responsibilities to them (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003), therefore the answer to this lost role therefore seems to be addressed by this devolvement. The benefits which have been argued for doing this are that it creates more time for HR to become more strategically proactive (Lawler & Mohrman, 2003) and line managers can become responsible and answerable to their employees which strengthens their relationships by almost becoming an HR champion (Ulrich, 1998). In practice however, Hope Hailey et al. (2005) believe that the failure to recognise the importance of the employee champion role is a big mistake and that the devolvement of such a responsibility to line management may be flawed. They noted that empirical research had suggested that devolving various HR responsibilities to the line was being met with certain inefficiencies to deliver such responsibilities, such as lack of training and lack of time, few incentives to fulfil the additional work and the need to focus on delivering their own short term business results (McGovern, 1999 cited in Hope Hailey et al. , 2005). The devolvement is also problematic in the sense that line managers are not always capable or motivated to take on the role of employee champion (Hope Hailey et al. , 2005). Francis and Keegan (2005) were also sceptical over the benefits of devolving HR responsibilities to line management and identified three major problems associated with the delegation of such duties. Firstly, they observed a loss of employee confidence as HR focus shifted to strategic business issues; a cost to employee well-being as a result of potential inconsistent application of policies and processes; and finally a disenchantment amongst HR practitioners who were unable to perform the role that was at the fundamental heart of HR – the employee champion, advocate and counsellor. Francis and Keegan (2005) concluded that not only did this affect the relationship between HR and the workforce, but between the HR professionals themselves. They also noted the strangeness of this shift away from the employee champion role amid the HR community’s grand plans to increase employee engagement (Francis & Keegan, 2005). In essence, it therefore appears that considerable caution must be used in initiating such transfers of accountability. Conclusion It can plainly be observed that over a decade after the introduction of Ulrich’s business partnering model, the HR community are still avidly debating its practical usefulness. What can be gathered from the key discussions is that the theoretical model makes a stellar case for increasing organisational performance and raising the profile of the HR function, however it seems that the impact of the model in practice is that it is the implementation of the model that is failing its success in most organisations. The academic writers are keen to dissect the benefits and limitations of the model, however what really needs to be reported is exactly how to implement the model in practice and to identify this across a range of different organisations. Further research also needs to be undertaken in the area of business partner development, as it appears the essential competencies have been numerously defined, but the focus on training HR practitioners to think and behave in Ulrich’s business partner mind-set requires further investigation. As businesses change, HR functions are being increasingly required to demonstrate their strategic value and this model seems to have provided a platform for really adding value, however as discussed in the final section, it is imperative that the HR function retain a balanced approach to their roles and not to lose sight of the fundamental people side of the people versus processes equation.

Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Essay - 990 Words

Following the First World War, another cataclysmic event occurred in the form of a depression. When the stock Market crashed on â€Å"Black Tuesday† in 1929 along with various alternate causes such as the installment buying of the 1920s, the United States became encapsulated within a massive economic depression known as â€Å"The Great Depression.† After the Election of 1932, the new president, Franklin D. Roosevelt, was elected. Franklin D. Roosevelt along with his advisor group called the â€Å"Brain Trust† proposed the revolutionary policy known as the New Deal which drastically changed the basics of American society by distributing wealth as well as giving rights to the disadvantaged. First off, the primary goal of the New Deal was to recover and†¦show more content†¦They treated him as their hero and pictures of him were posted everywhere from people’s houses to barber shops. Later during the first hundred days, the government passed the Bank ing Act of 1933 creating the FDIC to guarantee bank deposits, which prevented people from losing all of the money in their accounts if a bank went bankrupt. Moreover, Roosevelt set out to provide relief for the rural poor. At the time, farmers were overproducing. They hoped that by growing more they could make up for falling produce prices, but their efforts were futile since the more they produced further prices fell. Roosevelts solution was the Agricultural Adjustment Act. The AAA provided payments to farmers in return for their agreement to cut production by up to one-half, the money to cover this program came from increased taxes on meat packers, millers, and other food processors. A month later, Congress passed the Farm Credit Act, which provided loans to those farmers in danger of foreclosure. Several other New Deal programs established government control over industry. The National Industrial Recovery Act consolidated businesses and coordinated their activities with the aim o f eliminating overproduction and, by so doing, stabilizing prices. The NIRA also established the Public Works Administration, which set aside $3 billion to create jobsShow MoreRelatedFranklin D. Roosevelt And The New Deal1116 Words   |  5 PagesHyde Park, New York, Franklin D. Roosevelt was stricken with polio in 1921. He became the 32nd US president in 1933, and was the only president to be elected four times. Roosevelt led the United States through the Great Depression and World War II, and greatly expanded the powers of the federal government through a series of programs and reforms known as the New Deal. Roosevelt died in Georgia in 1945. President Roosevelt’s parents made a living both on real estate and trade. Roosevelt was schooledRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal1289 Words   |  5 PagesFranklin D. Roosevelt was one of the most powerful and influential democratic presidents that the United States has ever put into office. Though he was diagnosed with polio and had to be confined to a wheelchair, for many years Roosevelt tried to regain the ability to walk by swimming . He still managed to lead this country out of the worst economic depression the country had seen in its young life. Many Americans were out of work with the depression going on and banks were closed because peopleRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt And The New Deal1827 Words   |  8 PagesJahdiel Evans April 18, 2017 History 1302 Franklin D. Roosevelt and the New Deal Throughout the history of our great nation, certain presidents have been known to stand out from the rest. These prominent leaders are well known for their lasting, if not positive, impact on American society. One such president that fits this category is Franklin D. Roosevelt. In Allan M. Winkler’s biography Franklin D. 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When Franklin Roosevelt took office, the Great Depression was nearly at itsRead MoreFranklin D Roosevelt s New Deal2091 Words   |  9 Pages I spent a little time on you tube during my research for this essay in order to get an idea of how several current documentaries portray Franklin D Roosevelt’s New Deal implementations during his presidency throughout the Great Depression. I felt that many of the documentaries seemed only to highlight the benefits of FDR’s leadership as president. I couldn’t help but disagree because some of the mentioned â€Å"benefits† just didn’t sound like benefits from my perspective. I also noticed the overwhelmingRead MoreFranklin D. Roosevelt s Impact On The New Deal939 Words   |  4 Pages3.)Franklin D. Roosevelt was elected into office in 1932 and promised a new deal for Americans. From a social welfare perspective he was viewed as the best president because he advanced social welfare policies. Initial proposals were timid at this time and focused on balancing budgets, similar to prior thinking. Once Roosevelt was elected into office, the activism of those suffering helped push this period in a more progressive era. In 1933 Roosevelt initiated a variety of programs and policies duringRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1279 Words   |  6 Pagesnation was in a state of crisis when Franklin D. Roosevelt took office in 1933. The Great Depression had caused severe unemployment (up to 90% in some cities!), business failures, and serious disruptions in international trade. It’s no understatement that Roosevelt had a lot of work to do to fix the nation and restore trust in the government! This is when FDR’s New Deal comes in. As an AP US History student, it is important for you to know what the New Deal is, but also why it is important. ThisRead MorePresident Franklin D. Roosevelt s New Deal1374 Words   |  6 PagesPresident Franklin D. Roosevelt’s New Deal did not solve the problems of the Great Depression and slowed economic recovery for America until World War II. The Great Depression brought about a high unemployment, and the New Deal did not deal with it successfully. The Democratic Party benefited from the New Deal’s social and work programs because it shifted the African American vote from Republican to Democrat. (Powell, 2003) Some of the programs from the New Deal that exist today are broken and manipulated